Baseline Toxic Mixtures of Non-Toxic Chemicals: “Solubility Addition” Increases Exposure for Solid Hydrophobic Chemicals

Pesticides and toxic chemicals

‘Contamination’ is a comparative term. In Britain at least, contaminants are trace substances; in the context of food they are distinguished from additives by whether or not there is an intention that the substances should be present when the food is consumed or prepared for consumption. Contaminants may be of natural or of technological origin: and technological contaminants may be direct or i...

ToxiC inhalaTional injury and ToxiC indusTrial ChemiCals

Pesticides and toxic chemicals.

‘Contamination’ is a comparative term. In Britain at least, contaminants are trace substances; in the context of food they are distinguished from additives by whether or not there is an intention that the substances should be present when the food is consumed or prepared for consumption. Contaminants may be of natural or of technological origin: and technological contaminants may be direct or i...

Toxic nephropathy: environmental chemicals.

The kidney is the target of numerous xenobiotic toxicants, including environmental chemicals. Anatomical, physiological, and biochemical features of the kidney make it particularly sensitive to many environmental compounds. Factors contributing to the sensitivity of the kidney include: large blood flow, the presence of a variety of xenobiotic transporters and metabolizing enzymes, and concentra...

Chemical Dosimetry inBiological Monitoring of Exposure to Toxic Chemicals

Biological monitoring of exposure to chemicals has the objective of defining the so-called 'internal dose' or 'internal exposure level', and has been attempted by a variety of experimental approaches. Two categorical types of measurements can be made for this purpose: (1) measurement of concentrations of chemicals (or their metabolites) in body fluids or excreta; or (2) measurement of toxicolog...